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Abstract:

This paper presents the effective utilization of industrial waste steel mill scale in concrete. Tests were performed on concrete specimens incorporating 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% steel mill scale by weight of sand and a control specimen. Results were assessed in terms of workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability. The compressive and flexural strength of concrete incorporating a 20% steel mill scale was recorded higher as opposed to control and other percent replacement specimens. It was also observed that the durability and resistance against sulphate attack of concrete enhanced as the replacement proportion of mill scale were increased. Furthermore, the higher specific gravity of mill scale waste makes it a suitable material for heavyweight concrete members and radiation shield structures.

Keywords:

Concrete,Steel Scale Waste,Durability,Compressive Strength,Flexural Strength.,

Refference:

I. A. AlKhatib, M. Maslehuddin and S. U. Al-Dulaijan, “Development of high performance concrete using industrial waste materials and nano-silica”, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3), 6696–6711, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.04.067
II. A. B. M. A. Kaish, T. C. Odimegwu, I. Zakaria and M. M. Abood, “Effects of different industrial waste materials as partial replacement of fine aggregate on strength and microstructure properties of concrete”, Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102092
III. A. O. Oyelade, D. O. Odegbaro and C. A. Fapohunda, “Effect of elevated temperature on the compressive strength of concrete produced with pulverized steel mill scale”, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(4), 1030, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i4.6
IV. D. A. Iluiu-Varvara, C. Aciu, M. Tintelecan and I. M. Sas-Boca, “Assessment of recycling potential of the steel mill scale in the composition of mortars for sustainable manufacturing”, In Procedia Manufacturing, Vol. 46, pp. 131–135, 2020. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.020
V. D. C. K. Jagarapu and A. Eluru, “Strength and durability studies of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete with agriculture waste”, In Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 27, pp. 914–919, 2020. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.257
VI. E. Furlani and S. Maschio, “Steel scale waste as component in mortars
production: An experimental study”, Case Studies in Construction
Materials, 4, 93–101, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2016.02.001
VII. K. Arunkumar, M. Muthukannan, A. S. Kumar and A. C. Ganesh, “Mitigation of waste rubber tire and waste wood ash by the production of rubberized low calcium waste wood ash based geopolymer concrete and influence of waste rubber fibre in setting properties and mechanical behavior”, Environmental Research, 194, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110661
VIII. K. L. Jain, G. Sancheti and L. K. Gupta, “Durability performance of waste granite and glass powder added concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 252, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119075
IX. M. Alwaeli, “Investigation of gamma radiation shielding and compressive strength properties of concrete containing scale and granulated lead-zinc slag wastes”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 157–162, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.203
X. M. Alwaeli, “The implementation of scale and steel chips waste as a replacement for raw sand in concrete manufacturing”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 1038–1044, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.211
XI. M. Alwaelim and J. Nadziakiewicz, “Recycling of scale and steel chips waste as a partial replacement of sand in concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 157–163, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.047
XII. M. Asish Rafieizonooz, J. Mirza, M. R. Salim, M. W. Hussin and E. Khankhaje, “Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement”, Construction and Building Materials, 116, 15–24, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.080
XIII. M. Ozturk, T. Depci, E. Bahceci, M. Karaaslan, O. Akgol and U. K. Sevim, “Production of new electromagnetic wave shielder mortar using waste mill scales”, Construction and Building Materials, 242, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118028
XIV. M. S. Khan, F. Ali and M. A. Zaib, “A Study of Properties of Wheat Straw Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement in the Production of Green Concrete”, University of Wah Journal of Science and Technology (UWJST), 3, 61-68, 2019. Retrieved from https://uwjst.org.pk/index.php/uwjst/article/view/23
XV. N. H. Roslan, M. Ismail, N. H. A. Khalid and B. Muhammad, “Properties of concrete containing electric arc furnace steel slag and steel sludge”, Journal of Building Engineering, 28, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101060
XVI. N. Ma, J. B. Houser and L. A. Wood, “Production of cleaner mill scale by dynamic separation of the mill scale from the fast-moving flume water at a hot rolling mill”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 176, 889–894, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.039
XVII. P. Jha, A. K. Sachan and R. P. Singh, “Agro-waste sugarcane bagasse ash (ScBA) as partial replacement of binder material in concrete”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.751
XVIII. S. Al-Otaibi, “Recycling steel mill scale as fine aggregate in cement mortars”, European Journal of Scientific Research, 24(3), 332–338, 2008.
XIX. S. Naganathan and J. A. Musazay, “Use of billet scale as partial replacement of sand in concrete”, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(4), 635–649, 2014.
XX. S. Shameem Banu, J. Karthikeyan and P. Jayabalan, “Effect of agro-waste on strength and durability properties of concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 258, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120322
XXI. Tekin, Dirikolu and H. S. Gökçe, “A regional supplementary cementitious material for the cement industry: Pistachio shell ash”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124810
XXII. T. Blankendaal, P. Schuur and H. Voordijk, “Reducing the environmental impact of concrete and asphalt: A scenario approach:, Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 27–36, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.012

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Abstract:

The flow of dusty visco-elastic fluid between two parallel plates when the lower plate is at rest and the upper one begins oscillating harmonically in its own plane is considered because of its growing importance in various technical problems in modern applied science.                       In this paper, we would like to consider the laminar flow of visco-elastic fluid containing uniformly small solid particles between two infinitely extended parallel plates when the lower plate is at rest and the upper one begins oscillating harmonically in its own plane. The analytical expressions for velocity fields of fluid and dust particles are obtained which are in elegant forms. The effects of elastic elements in the fluid, the mass concentration, and the relaxation time of dust particles on the velocity profiles are studied in detail. The skin friction at the lower plate wall and the total volume flow in between the plates are also obtained.

Keywords:

Refference:

I. Bagchi S. and Maiti M.K. – Acta Ciencia Indica, Vol.2,130 (1980)
II. Ghosh A.K. and Debnath L. – Journal of Applied Mathematics and Simulation,2(1), pp 10-23, (1989)
III. Ghosh N.C., Ghosh B.C. and Debnath L. – Computers and Mathematics with Applications, Volume 39, Issues 1-2, pp 103-116, (January, 2000)
IV. Johari, Rajesh and Gupta G.D. – Acta Ciencia Indica, vol XXV MNo.3,275 (1999)
V. Kapur K.C. – Ind.Jour.Mech,Math IIT , 2,108 (1965)
VI. Lahiri S. and Ganguly G.K. – Indian Journal of Theoretical Physics, 34,1,71(1986)
VII. Mandal G.C.; Mukherjee S. and Mukherjee S – J.Indian Sci. 66,77 (1986)
VIII. Prakash O., Kumar D. and Dwivedi Y.K. – A I P Advances, (2011)
IX. Saffman P.G. – J.FluidMech. 13,120 (1962)
X. Singh J.; Gupta C. and Varshney K.N.- Indian Journal of Theoretical
Physics, vol-53,3,258(2005)

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Abstract:

Keywords:

Fire Detection,Image processing,Machine Learning,Raspberry pi, alarm, fire,

Refference:

I. C. Yuan, Z. Liu, and Y. Zhang, “Fire detection using infrared images for UAV-based forest fire surveillance,” 2017 Int. Conf. Unmanned Aircr. Syst. ICUAS 2017, pp. 567–572, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ICUAS.2017.7991306.

II. H. Pranamurti, A. Murti, and C. Setianingsih, “Fire Detection Use CCTV with Image Processing Based Raspberry Pi,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1201, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1201/1/012015.

III. K. Muhammad, J. Ahmad, and S. W. Baik, “Early fire detection using convolutional neural networks during surveillance for effective disaster management,” Neurocomputing, vol. 288, pp. 30–42, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2017.04.083.
IV. M. S. Bin Bahrudin, R. A. Kassim, and N. Buniyamin, “Development of Fire alarm system using Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno,” 2013 Int. Conf. Electr. Electron. Syst. Eng. ICEESE 2013, pp. 43–48, 2013, doi: 10.1109/ICEESE.2013.6895040.

V. R. Dhanujalakshmi, Divya, Divya@sandhiya, “Image Processing Based Fire Detection System using Rasperry Pi System,” SSRG Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng. -, vol. 4, no. April, pp. 18–20, 2017.

VI. T. Celik, “Fast and efficient method for fire detection using image processing,” ETRI J., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 881–890, 2010, doi: 10.4218/etrij.10.0109.0695.

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Abstract:

The concept of the circle has been known to human beings since before the beginning of recorded history. With the advent of the wheel, the study of the circle in detail played an important role in the field of science and technology. According to the author, there are three types of circles, 1) Countup circle,        2) Countdown circle, and 3) Point circle instead of two types of circles as defined by René Descartes in real plane coordinate geometry and Euler in the complex plane. The author has been successful to solve the equations of three types of circles in the real plane by using three fundamental recent (2021 – 2022) inventions, 1) Theory of Dynamics of Numbers, 2) Rectangular Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System,             3) The novel Concept of Quadratic Equation where the author becomes successful to solve the quadratic equation of  x² + 1 = 0 in real number instead of an imaginary number. In the present paper, the author solved successfully the problem where radius    if g² + f²  < c,    c the constant term of the general form of the equation of a circle  x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0  by using Bhattacharyya’s Coordinate system without any help from the complex plane where Euler solved it by using a complex plane. According to Bhattacharyya’s Co-ordinate System, the equation of the countdown circle is as follows : where, the coordinates of the moving point P are (x, y) with Centre C (a, b) and radius = – r The concept of a countdown circle is very much interesting and it exists really in nature. We may consider that the rotational motion of the Earth around the Sun is a countdown rotational motion.

Keywords:

Bhattacharyya’s Coordinate System,Cartesian Coordinate system,Equation of the circles,Quadratic equation,Theory of Dynamics of Numbers,

Refference:

I. Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man’s Changing Vision of the Universe (1959)
II. Bibhutibhushan Datta, The Jaina School of Mathematics, Bull. Cal. Math. Soc. 21 (1929), 115 -145.
III. Bibhutibhushan Datta, Mathematics of Nemicandra, The Jaina Antiquary, 1 (1935),
IV. Chronology for 30000 BC to 500 BC Archived 2008-03-22 at the Wayback Machine. History.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
V. Circumcircle – from Wolfram MathWorld Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Mathworld.wolfram.com (2012-04-26). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
VI. D. Fowler and E. Robson, Square Root Approximations in Old Babylonian Mathematics: YBC 7289 in Context, Historia Math. 25 (1998) 366 – 378
VII. Dr. S.N. De, ‘Higher Mathematics’, New Edition. March, 2006. P : C4.13
VIII. G. Thibaut, The Sulvasutras, The Journal, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Part I, 1875, Printed by C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta, 1875.
IX. Gamelin, Theodore (1999). Introduction to topology. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications. ISBN 0486406806.
X. George Gheverghese Joseph, A passage to infinity, Medieval Indian mathematics from Kerala and its impact, Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2009.
XI. Incircle – from Wolfram MathWorld Archived 2012-01-21 at the Wayback Machine. Mathworld.wolfram.com (2012-04-26). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
XII. Johnson, Roger A., Advanced Euclidean Geometry, Dover Publ., 2007.
XIII. Katz, Victor J. (1998), A History of Mathematics / An Introduction (2nd ed.), Addison Wesley Longman, p. 108, ISBN 978-0-321-01618-8.
XIV. Kim Plofker, Mathematics in India : 500 BCE – 1800 CE, Princeton University Press, NJ, USA, 2008. 17
XV. Kirkus Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus.
XVI. Meskhishvili, Mamuka (2020). “Cyclic Averages of Regular Polygons and Platonic Solids”. Communications in Mathematics and Applications. 11: 335–355. arXiv:2010.12340.
XVII. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, “AN INTRODUCTION TO RECTANGULAR BHATTACHARYYA’S CO-ORDINATES: A NEW CONCEPT”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-11, November (2021). pp 76-86.
XVIII. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya ,“AN INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF DYNAMICS OF NUMBERS: A NEW CONCEPT”. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-16, No.-11, January (2022). pp 37-53.
XIX. Prabir Chandra Bhattacharyya, : ‘A NOVEL CONCEPT IN THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATION’. J. Mech. Cont. & Math. Sci., Vol.-17, No.-3, March (2022) pp 41-63.
XX. Proclus, The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato Archived 2017-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Tr. Thomas Taylor (1816) Vol. 2, Ch. 2, “Of Plato”
XXI. Raghunath P. Kulkarni, Char Sulbasutra (in Hindi), Maharshi Sandipani Rashtriya ´ Vedavidya Pratishthana, Ujjain, 2000.
XXII. R.C. Gupta, Bh¯askara I’s approximation to sine, Indian J. History Sci. 2 (1967), 121 – 136.
XXIII. R.C. Gupta, Madhavacandra’s and other octagonal derivations of the Jaina value π = √ 10, Indian J. Hist. Sci. 21 (1986), no. 2, 131 – 139.
XXIV. R.C. Gupta, New Indian values of π from the Manava Sulbasutra, Centaurus 31 (1988), no. 2, 114 – 125.
XXV. R.C. Gupta, Sulvasutras: earliest studies and a newly published manual, Indian J. ´ Hist. Sci. 41 (2006), 317 – 320.
XXVI. S.G. Dani, Geometry in the Sulvasutras, in ´ Studies in History of Mathematics, Proceedings of Chennai Seminar, Ed. C.S. Seshadri, Hindustan Book Agency, New Delhi, 2010.
XXVII. S.N. Sen and A.K. Bag, The Sulvasutras of Baudhayana, Apastamba, Katyayana, and Manava, Indian National Science Academy, 1983.
XXVIII. Squaring the circle Archived 2008-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. History.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
XXIX. The papers of R.C. Gupta cited here are also available in the compilation of Gan. Itananda, edited by K. Ramasubramanian, Published by the Indian Society for History of Mathematics (ISHM), 2015.

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