Archive

Abstract:

Studies in univalent function theory comprising the exponential of differential characterizations are rarely considered. The prominent study in this direction is the study of so-called -exponentially convex functions. Here we study a class of analytic functions which satisfy an analytic characterization influenced by the definition of the multiplicative derivative and -exponentially convex functions. Integral representation and coefficient inequalities of the defined function class are the main results of the paper.

Keywords:

Analytic function,exponentially convex functions,multiplicative derivative,starlike functions,

Refference:

I. Arango, J. H., Mejía, D., and Ruscheweyh, S. (1997). Exponentially convex univalent functions, Complex Variables Theory Appl. 33, no.~1-4, 33–50. 10.1080/17476939708815010.
II. Breaz, D., Karthikeyan, K. R., and Murugusundaramoorthy, G. (2024). Applications of Mittag–Leffler functions on a subclass of meromorphic functions influenced by the definition of a non-Newtonian derivative, Fractal Fract. 8 (9), 509. 10.3390/fractalfract8090509
III. Carathèodory, C. (1907). Ȕber den Variabilitȁtsbereich der Koeffizienten von Potenzreihen, die gegebene Werte nicht annehmen, Math. Ann. 64(1), 95–115. 10.1007/BF01449883
IV. Cho, N. E., Swaminathan, A., and Wani, L. A. (2022). Radius constants for functions associated with a limacon domain, J. Korean Math. Soc. 59 (2), 353–365. 10.4134/JKMS.j210246
V. Efraimidis, I. (2016). A generalization of Livingston’s coefficient inequalities for functions with positive real part, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 435 (1), 369–379. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2015.10.050
VI. Karthikeyan, K. R. and Murugusundaramoorthy, G. (2024). Properties of a class of analytic functions influenced by multiplicative calculus, Fractal Fract. 8(3), 131. 10.3390/fractalfract8030131.
VII. Karthikeyan, K. R. and Varadharajan, S. (2024). A class of analytic functions with respect to symmetric points involving multiplicative derivative, Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis, 31(5s), 540–551. 10.52783/cana.v31.1089
VIII. B. Khan, J. Gong, M. G. Khan\ and\ F. Tchier, Sharp coefficient bounds for a class of symmetric starlike functions involving the balloon shape domain, Heliyon, {\bf 10} (2024), no.~ 19, e38838. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38838.
IX. Ma, W. C. and Minda, D. (1992). A unified treatment of some special classes of univalent functions, in Proceedings of the Conference on Complex Analysis (Tianjin, 1992)}, 157–169, Conf. Proc. Lecture Notes Anal., I, Int. Press, Cambridge, MA,
X. Murugusundaramoorthy, G., Khan, M. G., Ahmad, B., Mashwani, V. K., Abdeljawad, T., and Salleh, Z. (2023). Coefficient functionals for a class of bounded turning functions connected to three leaf function, Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science, 28(3), 213–223. 10.22436/jmcs.028.03.01
XI. Pommerenke, C. (1975). Univalent functions, Studia Mathematica/Mathematische Lehrbȕcher, Band XXV, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Gőttingen. 1975. https://books.google.com.om/books?id=wi_vAAAAMAAJ.
XII. Ponnusamy, S., Vasudevarao, A., and Vuorinen, M. K. (2011). Region of variability for exponentially convex univalent functions, Complex Anal. Oper. Theory 5(3), 955–966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11785-010-0089-y
XIII. Raina, R. K., and Sokół, J. (2015). Some properties related to a certain class of starlike functions, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris, 353(11), 973–978. 10.1016/j.crma.2015.09.011
XIV. Sathish Srinivasan, R., Ezhilarasi, R., Karthikeyan, K. R. and Sudharsan, T. V. (2025). Coefficient bounds for certain subclasses of quasi-convex functions associated with Carlson-Shaffer operator, Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences, 20(3), 198–207. 10.26782/jmcms.2025.03.00013
XV. Sharma, P., Sivasubramanian, S., and Cho, N. E. (2024). Initial coefficient bounds for certain new subclasses of bi-Bazilevič functions and exponentially bi-convex functions with bounded boundary rotation, Axioms 13(1), 25. 10.3390/axioms13010025
XVI. Sunil Varma, S., Rosy, T., and Vadivelan, U. (2020). Radius of exponential convexity of certain subclass of analytic functions, Creat. Math. Inform. 29(1), 109—112. 10.37193/CMI.2020.01.13

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Abstract:

This paper introduces an intelligent method to enhance communication in unlicensed millimetre-wave (mmWave) networks for New Radio Unlicensed (NR-U) and Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) systems. Since both networks share the same frequency band, they often interfere with each other, reducing performance and fairness. The challenge lies in ensuring smooth coexistence without harming the efficiency of either system. NR-U plays a crucial role in 5G networks by meeting the growing demand for faster wireless communication. To tackle this problem, the authors propose a novel method that integrates two essential processes: codebook selection and user equipment (UE) scheduling. Codebook selection optimizes beam patterns for communication, while UE scheduling determines which users access the network and when. These two processes operate at different speeds, making optimization complex. The researchers use Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to solve this challenge dynamically and intelligently. The proposed system, DeepCBU, is based on a Layered Deep Q-Network (L-DQN) framework. It learns from past experiences to make better decisions over time. DeepCBU adjusts dynamically, balancing the need for high data rates while minimizing interference between NR-U and WiGig. Additionally, it ensures fairness among users by distributing network access efficiently. Simulation results show that DeepCBU outperforms traditional methods like DRL-dirLBT, TS-dirLBT, and TS-DRL. It improves data rates for NR-U, reduces WiGig interference, and better satisfies user Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Unlike conventional approaches, DeepCBU does not require prior network knowledge, making it highly adaptable. In conclusion, DeepCBU is a powerful DRL-based system that enhances NR-U and WiGig coexistence. It optimizes both codebook selection and UE scheduling, ensuring better performance and fairness in future wireless networks.

Keywords:

Deep reinforcement learning,Deep Q-Network,Data Rate,New Radio,Packet Error Rate,Quality of Service,Wireless Networks,

Refference:

I. Addepalli, T., et al. : ‘Compact MIMO diversity antenna for 5G sub 6 GHz and WLAN (Wi Fi 5 & 6) band applications’. Micromachines. Vol. 14, 2023. 10.1007/s11277-023-10718-4
II. Chinchawade, A. J., et al. : ‘Scheduling in multi hop wireless networks using a distributed learning algorithm’. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Trends Electron. Informatics (ICOEI)., pp. 1013–1018, 2023. 10.1109/ICOEI56765.2023.10125909
III. Feng, Zheng, Lei Ji, Qiang Zhang, Wei Li. : ‘Spectrum management for mmWave enabled UAV swarm networks: Challenges and opportunities’. IEEE Communications Magazine. Vol. 57, pp. 146–153, 2018. 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1800087
IV. Gao, Xiaoliang, et al. : ‘Challenges in NR U/WiGig coexistence’. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. Vol. 22, pp. 1234–1256, 2020.
V. Gowtham, R., et al. : ‘Enhancing incentive schemes in edge computing through hierarchical reinforcement learning’. ITEGAM JETIA. Vol. 11, pp. 226–136, 2025. 10.5935/jetia.v11i52.1637
VI. Hu, Honghai, Chen Wang, Yike Gao, Yanan Dong, Qi Chen, Jie Zhang. : ‘On the performance of coexisting NR U and WiGig networks with directional sensing’. IEEE Transactions on Communications. Vol. 73, pp. 469–482, 2025. 10.1109/TCOMM.2024.3430986
VII. Jiang, Li, Zhifeng Li. : ‘Machine learning for NR U spectrum access’. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Vol. 7, pp. 3220–3231, 2020.
VIII. Kiebel, Sebastian J., Jean Daunizeau, Karl J. Friston. : ‘A hierarchy of time scales and the brain’. PLoS Computational Biology. Vol. 4, pp. e1000209, 2008. 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000209
IX. Kim, Hongs Up, Minho Lee. : ‘Listen Before Receive for NR U’. IEEE Access. Vol. 9, pp. 23348–23357, 2021.
X. Liu, Xiao, Yilin Chen. : ‘Directional Listen Before Talk for 5G NR U’. IEEE Wireless Communications. Vol. 27, pp. 30–36, 2020.
XI. Mabrouki, Soumaya, Ibraheem Dayoub, Qiang Li, Mourad Berbineau. : ‘Codebook designs for millimeter wave communication systems in both low and high mobility: Achievements and challenges’. IEEE Access. Vol. 10, pp. 25786–25810, 2022.
XII. Milanese, Mauro, Antonella Vicino. : ‘Optimal estimation theory for dynamic systems with set membership uncertainty: An overview’. Automatica. Vol. 27, pp. 997–1006, 1991.
XIII. Mu, Jing, Augusto Di Benedetto. : ‘Networking capability and new product development’. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. Vol. 59, pp. 4–19, 2011. 10.1109/TEM.2011.2146256
XIV. Park, Joon Young, et al. : ‘Paired LBT for NR U/WiGig coexistence’. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. Vol. 18, pp. 2448–2462, 2019.
XV. Patriciello, Natale, Sandra Lagen, Biljana Bojović, Lorenza Giupponi. : ‘NR U and IEEE 802.11 technologies coexistence in unlicensed mmWave spectrum: Models and evaluation’. IEEE Access. Vol. 8, pp. 71254–71271, 2020. 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987467
XVI. Reddy, M. S., A. Tathababu, S. R. Nallamilli. : ‘Parameters optimization of compact UWB MIMO antenna with WLAN band rejection for short distance wireless communication’. IETE Journal of Research. , 2024. 10.1080/03772063.2025.2483933
XVII. Sharma, R., et al. : ‘Optimization based spectrum access in NR U’. IEEE Transactions on Communications. Vol. 69, pp. 5043–5054, 2021.
XVIII. Srivastava, Amit, Sourav Datta, Sourabh Goyal, Umer Salim, Wajahat J. Hussain, Peng Liu, Shivendra S. Panwar, Rachana Pragada, Persidis Adjakple. : ‘Enhanced distributed resource selection and power control for high frequency NR V2X sidelink’. IEEE Access. Vol. 11, pp. 72756–72780, 2023. 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3295822
XIX. Ssimbwa, Julius, Byungju Lim, Young Chai Ko. : ‘QoS aware user selection and resource assignment for coexistence of NR U and Wi Fi enabled IoT networks’. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. Vol. 11, pp. 30293–30308, 2024. 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3410687
XX. Sun, Jie, et al. : ‘DRL based access protocols for coexistence’. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. Vol. 39, pp. 1124–1138, 2021.
XXI. Wang, Yi, Jian Li, Lei Huang, Yao Jing, Andreas Georgakopoulos, Panagiotis Demestichas. : ‘5G Mobile: spectrum broadening to higher frequency bands to support high data rates’. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine. Vol. 9, pp. 39–46, 2014. 10.1109/MVT.2014.2333694
XXII. Xu, Bin, et al. : ‘Online learning for codebook optimization’. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing. Vol. 70, pp. 1422–1435, 2022.
XXIII. Ye, Xuan, Li Fu. : ‘Joint codebook selection and UE scheduling for unlicensed mmWave NR U/WiGig coexistence based on deep reinforcement learning’. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. pp.1-16, 2024. 10.1109/TMC.2024.3356442
XXIV. Zhang, Meng, Rajkumar Ranjan, Markus Menzel, Surya Nepal, Paul Strazdins, Wai Jie, Lingfeng Wang. : ‘An infrastructure service recommendation system for cloud applications with real time QoS requirement constraints’. IEEE Systems Journal. Vol. 11, pp. 2960–2970, 2015.
XXV. Zhang, Yuan, et al. : ‘Deep learning for LTE LAA/Wi Fi coexistence’. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Vol. 68, pp. 2345–2358, 2019.
XXVI. 3GPP. : ‘NR U Study Item Technical Report’. 3GPP TR 38.889. Vol. 2019.

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Abstract:

Cement production significantly contributes to CO₂ emissions and climate change. To reduce cement use and enhance concrete efficiency, this study investigates graded concrete (GC), composed of two different concrete grades (M30 and M20) using Portland Slag Cement (PSC) and Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) in a 1:1 spatial variation. The study also examines the partial replacement of PSC (40–70%) in M30 with fly ash (FA) and lime to improve sustainability and performance. Mechanical properties were assessed through compressive and tensile strength tests at 7, 14, 28, 56, 91, and 182 days. Durability was evaluated via acid and sorption resistance, while the ecological aspect was assessed through embodied carbon analysis. Results showed that GC outperformed conventional M30 concrete, even with 50% cement replaced by 43% FA and 7% lime. GC demonstrated a 33% reduction in embodied carbon compared to M30. Microstructural validation through scanning electron microscopy confirmed the improved performance. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of GC as a sustainable and efficient construction material, promoting the beneficial use of industrial by-products like FA.

Keywords:

Acid resistance,Embodied carbon,Fly ash,Graded concrete,Mechanical characteristics,Water sorption resistance,

Refference:

I. Acharya, P. K., Patro, S. K.: Strength, wear-resistance, degree of hydration, energy and carbon performance of concrete using ferrochrome waste materials. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology – Transactions of Civil Engineerin. (2024), 48, 353–362. 10.1007/s40996-023-01310-8
II. Acharya, P. K., Patro, S. K. : Effect of lime and ferrochrome ash (FA) as partial replacement of cement on strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 94, 448–457 (2015). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.081.
III. Acharya, P. K., Patro, S. K.: Effect of lime and ferrochrome ash as partial replacement of cement on strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and permeability of concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 94, 448–457 (2015). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.081
IV. Acharya, P.K., Patro S. K.: Acid resistance, sulphate resistance and strength properties of concrete containing ferrochrome ash (FA) and lime. Construction and Building Materials. 120, 241- 250 (2016). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.099
V. Acharya, P.K., Patro S. K.: Effect of lime on mechanical and durability properties of blended cement based concrete. Journal of Institution of Engineers (India), Series A, 97 , 71-79 (2016). 10.1007/s40030-016-0158-y
VI. Acharya, P.K., Patro S. K.: Strength, sorption and abrasion characteristics of concrete using ferrochrome ash (FCA) and lime as partial replacement of cement. Cement and Concrete Composites. 74, 16-25 (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.08.010
VII. Buswell, R. A., Leal de Silva, W. R., Jones, S. Z., Dirrenberger, J.: 3D printing using concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research. Cement and Concrete Research. 112, 37-49 (2018), 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2018.05.006.
VIII. Chan, R., Liu, X., Galobardes, I.: Parametric study of functionally graded concretes incorporating steel fibres and recycled aggregates. Construction and Building Materials. 242, 118180 (2020). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118186
IX. Hammond G, Jones C, Lourie EF, Tse P: Inventory of carbon and energy (ICE). University of BATH and BSRIA (2011)
X. Herrmann, M., Sobek, W., Functionally graded concrete; Numerical design methods and experimental tests of mass-optimized structural components. Structural Concrete, 18 (2016) 54-66.
XI. IS 10262 :Concrete mix proportioning- Guidelines. Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India. (2019).
XII. IS 1489 (Part 1) Portland pozzolana cement-Specifications. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. 1991 (Reaffirmed 2005),
XIII. IS 383: Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. 1970 (Reaffirmed 2002)
XIV. IS 455: Portland slag cement-Specifications, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. 1989 (Reaffirmed 1995)
XV. IS 5816:. Splitting tensile strength of concrete-Test method. Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi, India. 1939 (Reaffirmed 2004)
XVI. IS: 516: Indian standard code of practice- methods of test for strength of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India. 1959 (Reaffirmed 2004).
XVII. Kausar, M. Y. S., Nikam, P. A.: Functionally graded concrete: An experimental analysis. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. (2018), ISSN: 2395-0072.
XVIII. Kumari, P., Acharya, P.K., Yadav, M. K., Ranjan K. S.: Properties of layered concrete made of Portland slag cement and Portland pozzolana cement in a double layered system. Sustainable Materials, Structures and IOT (SMSI 2024). 5-9 (2025). 10.1201/9781003596776-2
XIX. Lai, J., Yang, H., Wang, H., Zheng, X., Wang, Q.: Penetration experiments and simulation of three-layer functionally graded cementitious composite subjected to multiple projectile impacts. Construction and Building Materials. 196, 499–511 (2019).
XX. Liu, X., Yan, M., Galobardes, I., Sikora, K.: Assessing the potential of functionally graded concrete using fibre reinforced and recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 171, 793–801 (2018). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.202
XXI. Maalej, M., Ahmed, S. U., Paramasivam, P.: Corrosion durability and structural response of functionally graded concrete beams. JCI International Workshop on Ductile Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (DFRCC) – Application and Evaluation, Japan. 161-170 (2022). 10.3151/jact.1.307
XXII. Maimouni, J., Goyon, J., Lac, E., Pringuey, T., Boujlel, J., Chateau, X.: Rayleigh-Taylor instability in elastoplastic solids: A local catastrophic process. Physical Review Letters, 116 (2016), 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.154502154502.
XXIII. Nes, L. G., Qverli, J. A.: Structural behaviour of layered beams with fibre reinforced lightweight aggregate concrete and normal density concrete. Materials and Structures. 49, 689-703 (2016).
XXIV. Ning, Z., Aizhong, L., Charlie, C. C., Zhou, J., Zhang, X., Wang, S., Chen, X.: Support performance of functionally graded concrete lining. Construction and Building Materials. 147, 35-47 (2017). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.161
XXV. Nithya, P., Sureshkumar, M. P.: Experimental study on functionally graded concrete using fly ash as partial replacement of cement. International Journal of Innovative Research Explorer. 5(4), 222-226 (2018).
XXVI. Pal, A., Acharya, P. K.. Effect of hybrid layer and potential supplementation of blast furnace slag powder on sustainability, mechanical ability, and durability of functionally layered concrete. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. (2025) 10.1007/s40831-025-01132-0
XXVII. Palaniappan, S. M., Govindasamy, V., Jabar, A. B.: Experimental investigation on flexural performance of functionally graded concrete beam using fly ash and red mud. Revista-Materia, 26(1) (2021).
XXVIII. Ribeiro, D. V., Silva, A. S., Dias, C. M. R.: Functionally graded concrete: Porosity gradation to enhance durability under carbonation. Ambiente Construído, Porto Alegre. 24 (2024) e134936, ISSN 1678-8621.
XXIX. Sabireen, F., Butt, A., Ahmad, K., Ullah, O., Zaid, H. A., Shah, T., Kamal, T.: Mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced concrete and functionally graded concrete with natural and recycled aggregates. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. (2023), 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102121.
XXX. Sahoo, S. K., Mohapatra, B. G., Patro, S. K., Acharya, P. K.: Evaluation of the graded layer in ground granulated blast furnace slag based layered concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 276, 122218 (2021).
XXXI. Sahoo, S. K., Mohapatra, B. G., Patro, S. K., Acharya, P. K.: Influence of functionally graded region in ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) layered composite concrete. In Circular Economy in the Construction Industry. (2021). 10.1201/9781003217619-5
XXXII. Satyanarayana, P., Natarajan, C.: Experimental investigation of functionally graded concrete with fly ash. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 8(2) (2015) 143-148.
XXXIII. Strieder, E., Hilber, R., Stierschneider, E., Bergmeister, K.: FE-study on the effect of gradient concrete on early constraint and crack risk. Applied Sciences. 8 (2018) 10.3390/app8020246.
XXXIV. Torelli, G., Less, J. M.: Fresh state stability of vertical layers of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research. 120, 227-243 (2019). 10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2019.03.006.
XXXV. Yang, K. H., Jung, Y. B., Cho, M. S., Tae, S. H.: Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production. 103, 774–783 (2015). 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018

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Abstract:

In this work, we provide a set of enhanced fixed-point theorems over Banach spaces with normal cones in the context of G-cone metric spaces. Our results extend and generalize existing theorems by incorporating φ-contractive mappings and perturbation functions within the contractive conditions. Specifically, we propose new fixed-point theorems using φ-difference type conditions, auxiliary control functions, and jointly lower semi-continuous metrics. We present illustrative instances to confirm that the theorems are applicable. The results obtained improve classical fixed-point theorems and offer broader applicability in nonlinear analysis. We also demonstrate the applicability of the developed theorems to fractional differential equations.

Keywords:

Cauchy sequence,completeness,uniqueness,Fixed point,G-cone metric space,φ-contraction,Normal cone,Perturbation function,

Refference:

I. Abbas, M., & Rhoades, B. E. (2008). Fixed- and periodic-point results in cone metric spaces. Applied Mathematics Letters, 21(5), 521–526.
II. Afshari, H., Alsulami, H. H., & Karapinar, E. (2016). On the extended multivalued Geraghty type contractions. Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Applications, 9, 4695–4706. 10.22436/jnsa.009.06.108.
III. Amini-Harandi, A_r., & Emami, H. (2010). A fixed point theorem for contraction type maps in partially ordered metric spaces and application to ordinary differential equations. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, 72(6), 2238–2242. 10.1016/j.na.2009.10.023.
IV. Branciari, A. (2000). A fixed point theorem of Banach-Caccioppoli type on a class of generalized metric spaces. Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen, 57, 31–37. 10.5486/PMD.2000.2133
V. Cherichi, M., & Samet, B. (2012). Fixed point theorems on ordered gauge spaces with applications to nonlinear integral equations. Fixed Point Theory and Applications, 2012, Article 13. 10.1186/1687-1812-2012-13
VI. Fernandez, J., Malviya, N., Savić, A., Paunović, M., & Mitrović, Z. D. (2022). The extended cone b-metric-like spaces over Banach algebra and some applications. Mathematics, 10(1), 149. 10.3390/math10010149.
VII. Fulga, A., Afshari, H., & Shojaat, H. (2021). Common fixed point theorems on quasi-cone metric space over a divisible Banach algebra. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021, Article 306. 10.1186/s13662-021-03464-z.
VIII. Gupta, V., Shatanawi, W., & Mani, N. (2016). Fixed point theorems for (Ψ,β)-Geraghty contraction type maps in ordered metric spaces and some applications to integral and ordinary differential equations. Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications, 19, 1251-1267. 10.1007/s11784-016-0303-2.
IX. Huang, H., & Xu, S. (2013). Fixed point theorems of contractive mappings in cone b-metric spaces and applications. Fixed Point Theory and Applications, 2013, Article 112. 10.1186/1687-18122013112.
X. Huang, L. G., & Zhang, X. (2007). Cone metric spaces and fixed-point theorems of contractive mappings. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 332(2), 1468-1476.
XI. Jachymski, J. (2008). The contraction principle for mappings on a metric space with a graph. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 136(4), 1359-1373. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20535302
XII. Jleli, M., & Samet, B. (2014). A new generalization of the Banach contraction principle. Journal of Inequalities and Applications, 2014, Article 38.
XIII. Karapınar, E., Fulga, A., & Roldán López de Hierro, A. F. (2021). Fixed point theory in the setting of ( α,β, ψ,ϕ )-interpolative contractions. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021, Article 339. 10.1186/s13662-021-03491-w.
XIV. Kilbas, A. A., Srivastava, H. M., & Trujillo, J. J. (Eds.). (2006). Theory and applications of fractional differential equations (Vol. 204, pp. 1-523). Elsevier. 10.1016/S0304-0208(06)80001-0
XV. Khojasteh, F., Shukla, S., & Radenovic, S. (2015). A new approach to the study of fixed point theory for simulation functions. Filomat, 26(6), 1189-1194. 10.2298/FIL1506189K
XVI. Kirk, W. A. (2003). Fixed points of asymptotic contractions. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Vol. 277 (2), 15 January 2003, Pages 645-650. 10.1016/S0022-247X(02)00612-1
XVII. Li, X., Hussain, A., Adeel, M., & Savas, E. (2019). Fixed point theorems for Z_ ∀-contraction and applications to nonlinear integral equations. IEEE Access, 7, 120023-120032. 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2933693
XVIII. Liu, X., Chang, S., Xiao, Y., & Zhao, L. (2016). Existence of fixed points for Θ-type contraction and Θ-type Suzuki contraction in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory and Applications, 2016, Article 8. 10.1186/s13663-016-0496-5
XIX. Liu, X. L., Ansari, A. H., Chandok, S., & Radenovic, S. (2018). On some results in metric spaces using auxiliary simulation functions via new functions. Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications, 24(6), 1103-1114.
XX. Long, H. V., Son, N. T. K., & Rodríguez-López, R. (2017). Some generalizations of fixed point theorems in partially ordered metric spaces and applications to partial differential equations with uncertainty. Vietnam Journal of Mathematics, 46, 531-555. 10.1007/s10013-017-0254-y.
XXI. Nieto, J. J., & López, R. R. (2005). Contractive mapping theorems in partially ordered sets and applications to ordinary differential equations. Order, 22(3), 223-239. 10.1007/s11083-005-9018-5.
XXII. Radenovic, S., Vetro, F., & Vujakovic, J. (2017). An alternative and easy approach to fixed point results via simulation functions. Demonstratio Mathematica, 50(1), 224-231.
XXIII. Rao, N. S., Aloqaily, A., & Mlaiki, N. (2024). Result – n fixed points in b-metric space by altering distance functions. Heliyon, 10(7), e33962. 1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33962.
XXIV. Rashwan, R. A., Hammad, H. A., Gamal, M., Omran, S., & De la Sen, M. (2024). Fixed point methodologies for ψ-contraction mappings in cone metric spaces over Banach algebra with supportive applications. International Journal of Analysis and Applications, 22, 120. 10.28924/2291-8639-22-2024120
XXV. Rezapour, S., & Haghi, R. H. (2008). Some notes on the paper “Cone metric spaces and fixed point theorems of contractive mappings.” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 345(2), 719-724. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2008.04.049

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Abstract:

This article presents a state of the art of the author's works on problems of energy in structures with thermal and chemical potentials. The theoretical considerations are conducted to present the energy equations in such a structure. The thermodynamics state equations are given.

Keywords:

Chemical Potential,Energy Potential,Heat Flow,State Equations,Thermomechanics,

Refference:

I. Shewmon P. G.: Diffusion in Solids. McGraw-Hill, New York,1963. 10.4236/msce
II. Sluzalec A. Thermoplasticity with diffusion in welding problems, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 74, 8, 2008, pp 1329-1343. 10.1002/nme.2214
III. Sluzalec A. Materials with Thermo-Diffusive Hardening, Advanced Materials Research, 284-286, 2011 pp1643-1646. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.284-286.1643
IV. Sluzalec A. Introduction to Nonlinear Thermomechanics, Spinger, 1996. 10.1007/978-1-4471-1906-7
V. Sluzalec A. Theory of metal forming plasticity, Springer,2004. 10.1007/978-3-662-10449-1

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Abstract:

This research introduces a novel seven-level switched-capacitor inverter (SCI) topology designed to achieve high efficiency and reduced component count. The proposed SCI utilizes a DC input source, consisting of only twelve switches and two capacitors, to generate a seven-level output voltage. This topology stands out for its ability to self-balance capacitor voltages, resulting in reduced voltage stress on the switches and minimizing the need for complex external components such as a backend H-bridge. The proposed SCI is its ability to deliver a threefold increase in output voltage relative to the input, effectively boosting voltage without additional step-up transformers. The article provides a comprehensive comparison with existing SCI topologies, demonstrating the superior benefits of the proposed design, such as fewer components, lower cost, and enhanced performance. Both simulation results and experimental outcomes validate the efficacy of the suggested SCI in various operating conditions, confirming its potential for practical applications in power conversion systems. The laboratory test setup for the seven-level MLI prototype further corroborates the functionality and robustness of the proposed design. Utilizing PLECS simulation software, the performance of twelve semiconductor switches (S1 to S12) was evaluated in terms of their power dissipation characteristics. This novel topology presents significant advancements in multilevel inverter technology, offering improved efficiency and reliability for a wide range of applications, including renewable energy integration and electrical power distribution systems.

Keywords:

Boosting factor,Cost function,Multilevel Inverter,Reduced Component Count,Seven-Level Inverter,Self-Balancing,Switched-Capacitor Topology.,

Refference:

I. C. K. Barick, B. K. Mohapatra, S. R. Kabat, K. Jena, B. P. Ganthia and C. K. Panigrahi, “Review on Scenario of Wind Power Generation and Control,” 2022 1st IEEE International Conference on Industrial Electronics: Developments & Applications (ICIDeA), Bhubaneswar, India, 2022, pp. 12-17. 10.1109/ICIDeA53933.2022.9970193.
II. Devraj PA, Subramanian SS, Durairaj U, Ganthia BP, Upadhyaya M. Matlab/Simulink Based THD Reduction Using Active Power Filters. Design Engineering. 2021 Jun 6:1990-7.
III. Durairaj U, Khillo A, Priyadarshini S, Ganthia BP, Koyyeda R. Design and Implementation of Power System Performance Improvement by Using Pfc. Design Engineering. 2021 Jun 2:1366-76.
IV. Fong, Y. C., Cheng, K. W. E., and Raman, S. R., “A Modular Concept Development for Resonant Soft-Charging Step-Up Switched-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter for High-frequency AC Distribution and Applications,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics. 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3043126.
V. Ganthia, B. P., & Praveen, B. M. (2023). Review on scenario of wind power generations in India. Electrical Engineering, 13(2), 1-27p.
VI. Ganthia, B. P., Abhisikta, A., Pradhan, D., & Pradhan, A. (2018). A variable structured TCSC controller for power system stability enhancement. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 665-672.
VII. Ganthia, B. P., Agarwal, V., Rout, K., & Pardhe, M. K. (2017, March). Optimal control study in DFIG based wind energy conversion system using PI & GA. In 2017 International Conference on Power and Embedded Drive Control (ICPEDC) (pp. 343-347). IEEE.
VIII. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2020). Shunt connected FACTS devices for LVRT capability enhancement in WECS. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 10(3), 5819-5823.
IX. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2021). Wind turbines in energy conversion system: Types & techniques. Renewable energy and future power systems, 199-217.
X. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2021, September). Sliding Mode Control and Genetic Algorithm Optimized Removal of Wind Power and Torque Nonlinearities in Mathematical Modeled Type-III Wind Turbine System. In 2021 9th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
XI. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2022). Comparative analysis of various types of control techniques for wind energy conversion system. In Modeling and Control of Static Converters for Hybrid Storage Systems (pp. 143-174). IGI Global.
XII. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2022). Genetic Algorithm Optimized and Type-I fuzzy logic controlled power smoothing of mathematical modeled Type-III DFIG based wind turbine system. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 3355-3365.
XIII. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2022). Radial Basis Function Artificial Neural Network Optimized Stability Analysis in Modified Mathematical Modeled Type-III Wind Turbine System Using Bode Plot and Nyquist Plot. ECS Transactions, 107(1), 5663.
XIV. Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., Nayak, B., Priyadarshi, N., Padmanaban, S., Hiran, K. K., … & Bansal, R. C. (2021). 2 Power control of modified type III DFIG-based wind turbine system using four-mode type I fuzzy logic controller. Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things for Renewable Energy Systems, 12, 41.
XV. Ganthia, B. P., Choudhury, S., Mohanty, S., & Acharya, S. K. (2022, February). Mechanical Design and Power Analysis of Type-III Wind Turbine System using Computational Fluid Dynamics. In 2022 IEEE Delhi Section Conference (DELCON) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
XVI. Ganthia, B. P., Mohanty, M., & Maherchandani, J. K. (2022). Power analysis using various types of wind turbines. In Modeling and Control of Static Converters for Hybrid Storage Systems (pp. 271-286). IGI Global.
XVII. Ganthia, B. P., Panda, S., Remamany, K. P., Chaturvedi, A., Begum, A. Y., Mohan, G., … & Ishwarya, S. (2025). Experimental techniques for enhancing PV panel efficiency through temperature reduction using water cooling and colour filters. Electrical Engineering, 1-27.
XVIII. Ganthia, B. P., Pradhan, R., Das, S., & Ganthia, S. (2017, August). Analytical study of MPPT based PV system using fuzzy logic controller. In 2017 International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS) (pp. 3266-3269). IEEE.
XIX. Ganthia, B. P., Praveen, B. M., Barkunan, S. R., Marthanda, A. V. G. A., Kumar, N. M. G., & Kaliappan, S. ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HYBRID PV-WIND-BATTERY STORAGE-BASED MICROGRID USING MONTE CARLO OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE.
XX. Ganthia, B. P., Praveen, B. M., Kabat, S. R., Mohapatra, B. K., Sethi, R., & Buradi, A. (2024). Energy management in hybrid Pv-wind-battery storage-based microgrid using droop control technique. J Mech Contin Math Sci, 19(10), 44-66.
XXI. Ganthia, B. P., Pritam, A., Rout, K., Singhsamant, S., & Nayak, J. (2018). Study of AGC in two-area hydro-thermal power system. Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management: ETAEERE-2016, 393-401.
XXII. Ganthia, B. P., Rana, P. K., Patra, T., Pradhan, R., & Sahu, R. (2018). Design and analysis of gravitational search algorithm based TCSC controller in power system. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 841-847.
XXIII. Ganthia, B. P., Rana, P. K., Pattanaik, S. A., Rout, K., & Mohanty, S. (2016, June). Space vector pulse width modulation fed direct torque control of induction motor drive using matlab-simulink. In 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Engineering Trends, Communication, Optimization and Sciences (EEECOS 2016) (pp. 1-5). IET.
XXIV. Ganthia, B. P., S. K. Barik, and B. Nayak, 2021. Low voltage ride through capability enhancement using series connected fact devices in wind energy conversion system. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 16(1), pp.365-384.
XXV. Ganthia, B. P., S. K. Barik, and B. Nayak. “Hardware in Loop (THIL 402) Validated Type-I Fuzzy Logic Control of Type-III Wind Turbine System under Transients.” Journal of Electrical Systems 17, no. 1 (2021): 28-51.
XXVI. Ganthia, B. P., S. K. Barik, and B. Nayak. “Wind Turbines in Energy Conversion System: Types & Techniques.” In Renewable Energy and Future Power Systems, pp. 199-217. Springer, Singapore, 2021.
XXVII. Ganthia, B. P., Sahu, P. K., & Mohanty, A. Minimization Of Total Harmonic Distortion Using Pulse Width Modulation Technique. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN, 2278-1676.
XXVIII. Ganthia, B. P., Subrat Kumar Barik, and Byamakesh Nayak. “Transient analysis of grid integrated stator voltage oriented controlled type-III DFIGdriven wind turbine energy system.” Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences 15, no. 6 (2020): 139-157.
XXIX. Ganthia, B. P., Suriyakrishnaan, K., Prakash, N., Harinarayanan, J., Thangaraj, M., & Mishra, S. (2022). Comparative Analysis on Various Types of Energy Storage Devices for Wind Power Generation. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2161, No. 1, p. 012066). IOP Publishing.
XXX. Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad, and Makarand Upadhyaya. “Bridgeless Ac/Dc Converter & Dc-Dc Based Power Factor Correction with Reduced Total Harmonic Distortion.” Design Engineering (2021): 2012-2018.
XXXI. Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad, and Subrat Kumar Barik. “Steady-state and dynamic comparative analysis of PI and fuzzy logic controller in stator voltage oriented controlled DFIG fed wind energy conversion system.” Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 101, no. 3 (2020): 273-286.
XXXII. Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad, et al. “Machine Learning Strategy to Achieve Maximum Energy Harvesting and Monitoring Method for Solar Photovoltaic Panel Applications.” International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (2022).
XXXIII. Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad, Rosalin Pradhan, Rajashree Sahu, and Aditya Kumar Pati. “Artificial ant colony optimized direct torque control of mathematically modeled induction motor drive using pi and sliding mode controller.” In Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives, pp. 389-408. Springer, Singapore, 2021.
XXXIV. Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad, Subrat Kumar Barik, and Byamakesh Nayak. “Shunt connected FACTS devices for LVRT capability enhancement in WECS.” Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 3 (2020): 5819-5823.
XXXV. Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad. “Application of hybrid facts devices in DFIG based wind energy system for LVRT capability enhancements.” J. Mech. Cont. Math. Sci 15, no. 6 (2020): 245-256.
XXXVI. Gu, Ji, Wang, Wei, Yin, Rong, Truong, Chinh V and Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad. “Complex circuit simulation and nonlinear characteristics analysis of GaN power switching device” Nonlinear Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, 2021, pp. 555-562. 10.1515/nleng-2021-0046.
XXXVII. Hinago, Y. and Koizumi, H., “A switched-capacitor inverter using series/parallel conversion with an inductive load,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 878–887, Feb. 2012.
XXXVIII. Joseph, L. and Ganthia, B.P., 2021. Ann Based Speed Control of Brush less DC Motor Using DC DC Converter. Design Engineering, pp.1998-2011.
XXXIX. Kabat, S. R., & Panigrahi, C. K. (2022). Power quality and low voltage ride through capability enhancement in wind energy system using unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). ECS Transactions, 107(1), 5655.
XL. Kabat, S. R., Panigrahi, C. K., & Ganthia, B. P. (2022). Comparative analysis of fuzzy logic and synchronous reference frame controlled LVRT capability enhancement in wind energy system using DVR and STATCOM. In Sustainable Energy and Technological Advancements: Proceedings of ISSETA 2021 (pp. 423-433). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
XLI. Kabat, S. R., Panigrahi, C. K., Ganthia, B. P., Barik, S. K., & Nayak, B. (2022). Implementation and analysis of mathematical modeled drive train system in type III wind turbines using computational fluid dynamics. Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal, 16(1), 180-189.
XLII. Kabat, Subash Ranjan, and Bibhu Prasad Ganthia, Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi. “Fuzzy Logic and Synchronous Reference Frame Controlled LVRT Capability Enhancement in Wind Energy System using DVR.” Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12.6 (2021): 4899-4907.
XLIII. Khan, M. A., Prasad, R., and Zhang, L., “A Transformerless Multilevel Inverter Using Switched-Capacitor Units for Grid Integration,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 1123–1135, Feb. 2024, 10.1109/TPEL.2023.3356210.
XLIV. Khounjahan, H., Abapour, M., and Zare, K., “Switched-capacitor based single source cascaded h-bridge multilevel inverter featuring boosting ability,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 1113–1124, Feb. 2019.
XLV. L Vadivel Kannan, J. N. D. D. V. M. M. S. R. K. Ganthia, B. P., N. C. R., . (2021). Cascade H Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Pwm for Lower Thd, Emi & Rfi Reduction. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 2972–2977. https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/6013.
XLVI. Lee, S. S., Bak, Y., and Kim, S. M., “New Family of Boost Switched-Capacitor 7-Level Inverters (BSC7LI),” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 10471–10479, 2019.
XLVII. Liu, J., Zhu, X., and Zeng, J., “A seven-level inverter with self-balancing and low-voltage stress,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 685–696, Mar. 2020, 10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2879890.
XLVIII. Maherchandani, J. K., Joshi, R. R., Tirole, R., Swami, R. K., & Ganthia, B. P. (2022). Performance Comparison Analysis of Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. In Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives: Select Proceedings of EPREC 2021 (pp. 245-254). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
XLIX. Mannam P, Manchireddy S, Ganthia BP. Grid Tied PV with Reduced THD Using NN and PWM Techniques. Design Engineering. 2021 Jun 6:2019-27.
L. Mehta, S. B. and Rout, T. J., “Hybrid Control of a Self-Charging Switched-Capacitor Based Seven-Level Inverter for PV Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 21789–21798, 2024. 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3357892.
LI. Mishra, S., Ganthia, B. P., Sridharan, A., Rajakumar, P., Padmapriya, D., & Kaliappan, S. (2022). Optimization of load forecasting in smartgrid using artificial neural network based NFTOOL and NNTOOL. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2161, No. 1, p. 012068). IOP Publishing.

LII. Mohanty, M., Nayak, N., Ganthia, B. P., & Behera, M. K. (2023, June). Power Smoothening of Photovoltaic System using Dynamic PSO with ESC under Partial Shading Condition. In 2023 International Conference in Advances in Power, Signal, and Information Technology (APSIT) (pp. 675-680). IEEE.
LIII. Narayan, V., Reddy, K. C., and Lee, H., “Optimized PWM for a Self-Balancing Seven-Level Switched-Capacitor Inverter in EV Charging Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 612–621, Mar. 2024. 10.1109/TTE.2023.3342084.
LIV. Pahadasingh, S., Jena, C., Panigrahi, C. K., & Ganthia, B. P. (2022). JAYA Algorithm-Optimized Load Frequency Control of a Four-Area Interconnected Power System Tuning Using PID Controller. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(3), 8646-8651.
LV. Peng, W., Ni, Q., Qiu, X., and Ye, Y., “Seven-Level Inverter with Self-Balanced Switched-Capacitor and Its Cascaded Extension,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 11889–11896, 2019.
LVI. Pragati, A., Ganthia, B.P., Panigrahi, B.P. (2021). Genetic Algorithm Optimized Direct Torque Control of Mathematically Modeled Induction Motor Drive Using PI and Sliding Mode Controller. In: Kumar, J., Jena, P. (eds) Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 707. Springer, Singapore. 10.1007/978-981-15-8586-9_32.
LVII. Pritam, A., Sahu, S., Rout, S. D., Ganthia, S., & Ganthia, B. P. (2017, August). Automatic generation control study in two area reheat thermal power system. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 225, No. 1, p. 012223). IOP Publishing.
LVIII. Priyadarshini, L., Kundu, S., Maharana, M. K., & Ganthia, B. P. (2022). Controller Design for the Pitch Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 12(4), 8967-8971.
LIX. Refaai, M. R. A., Dhanesh, L., Ganthia, B. P., Mohanty, M., Subbiah, R., & Anbese, E. M. (2022). Design and Implementation of a Floating PV Model to Analyse the Power Generation. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2022.
LX. Rubavathy, S. J., Venkatasubramanian, R., Kumar, M. M., Ganthia, B. P., Kumar, J. S., Hemachandu, P., & Ramkumar, M. S. (2021, September). Smart Grid Based Multiagent System in Transmission Sector. In 2021 Third International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
LXI. Sahu, P. K., Mohanty, A., Ganthia, B. P., & Panda, A. K. (2016, January). A multiphase interleaved boost converter for grid-connected PV system. In 2016 International Conference on Microelectronics, Computing and Communications (MicroCom) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
LXII. Sahu, S., Mohapatra, B. K., Kabat, S. R., Panda, S., Pahadasingh, S., & Ganthia, B. P. : “MULTIPLE ORDER HARMONIC ELIMINATION IN PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM USING SPWM BASED ELEVEN LEVEL CASCADED H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER.”
LXIII. Samal, S. K., Jena, S., Ganthia, B. P., Kaliappan, S., Sudhakar, M., & Kalyan, S. S. (2022). Sensorless Speed Contorl of Doubly-Fed Induction Machine Using Reactive Power Based MRAS. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 2161, No. 1, p. 012069). IOP Publishing.
LXIV. Satpathy, S.R., Pradhan, S., Pradhan, R., Sahu, R., Biswal, A.P., Ganthia, B.P. (2021). Direct Torque Control of Mathematically Modeled Induction Motor Drive Using PI-Type-I Fuzzy Logic Controller and Sliding Mode Controller. In: Udgata, S.K., Sethi, S., Srirama, S.N. (eds) Intelligent Systems. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 185. Springer, Singapore. 10.1007/978-981-33-6081-5_21.
LXV. Siddique, M. D., Ali, J. S. M., Mekhilef, S., Mustafa, A., and Sandeep, N., “Reduce Switch Count Based Single Source 7L Boost Inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 10.1109/TCSII.2020.2988090.
LXVI. Sun, X., Wang, B., Zhou, Y., Wang, W., Du, H., and Lu, Z., “A single dc source cascaded seven-level inverter integrating switched-capacitor techniques,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 7184–7194, Nov. 2016.
LXVII. Taghvaie, A., et al., “A Self-balanced step-up multilevel inverter based on switched-capacitor structure,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 199–209, Jan. 2018.
LXVIII. Thenmalar, K., K. Kiruba, Praveen Raj, and Bibhu Prasad Ganthia. “A Real Time Implementation of ANN Controller to Track Maximum Power Point in Solar Photovoltaic System.” Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 25, no. 6 (2021): 10592-10607.
LXIX. Xie, Hui, Yatao Wang, Zhiliang Gao, Bibhu Prasad Ganthia, and Chinh V. Truong. “Research on frequency parameter detection of frequency shifted track circuit based on nonlinear algorithm.” Nonlinear Engineering 10, no. 1 (2021): 592-599.
LXX. Zheng, W., Mehbodniya, A., Neware, R., Wawale, S. G., Ganthia, B. P., & Shabaz, M. (2022). Modular unmanned aerial vehicle platform design: Multi-objective evolutionary system method. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 99, 107838.

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Abstract:

Built based on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) enables secure communication for distant parties. Entanglement-based protocols are a type of QKD protocol that uses the phenomenon of entanglement for detecting eavesdroppers between two communicating parties. In this paper, a novel QKD protocol is devised that uses the concept of superdense coding and padding bits to share the one-time pad, i.e., the key. The super dense coding is achieved by sharing a pre-existing entangled pair of qubits by leveraging the beautiful property of entanglement. The communicating parties can share a one-time pad using this protocol securely. This paper will demonstrate this phenomenon using the proposed protocol by showing the experimental results which has been surfaced with IBM Qiskit simulator, and the simulation establishes the applicability of the protocol and shows its effectiveness in detecting eavesdropping attempts while being simple to implement.

Keywords:

Entanglement,Guard Qubit,QKD,Qiskit,Secret Key,

Refference:

I. Bennett, C. H. and Brassard, G. “Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing.”, International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, India, pp. 175-179, (1984). 10.1016/j.tcs.2014.05.025.
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XII. Shaik E. H. and Nakkeeran R. “Implementation of Quantum Gates based Logic Circuits using IBM Qiskit”. International Conference on Computing, Communication & Security, (2020), 10.1109/ICCCS49678.2020.9277010

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Abstract:

The paper addresses the classical two-stage FSSP with a single machine in the second stage and equipotential machines in the first. The uniqueness of this problem arises from the fact that the machine at the second stage is rented, with the objective being to minimize the rental cost. Efficient scheduling of jobs is critical in such environments to optimize resource usage and reduce operational costs. A distinguishing feature of this study is the representation of processing times on both stages using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, which better capture uncertainty and variability in processing times compared to deterministic values. This fuzzy representation aligns well with real-world scenarios where exact processing times are often unavailable or subject to fluctuations. This paper's primary contribution is the creation of an optimization algorithm that uses the branch and bound (B&B) approach to tackle the issue. By breaking the problem space down into smaller subproblems and utilizing bounds to exclude less likely solutions, the B&B technique methodically explores the solution space. This method minimizes the expense of renting the second-stage machine while guaranteeing the identification of the ideal timetable. The fuzzy nature of the problem adds complexity to the scheduling task, as it requires handling the fuzziness in processing times while maintaining optimality. To ensure the robustness of the algorithm, it is implemented in MATLAB and tested against a variety of job sequences and machine configurations, along with the comparison of results with GA.

Keywords:

Idle time,Rental cost,Trapezoidal Fuzzy processing time,Utilization time,

Refference:

I. Alburaikan, Alhanouf, et al. “A Novel Approach for Minimizing Processing Times of Three-Stage Flow Shop Scheduling Problems under Fuzziness.” Symmetry, vol. 15, no. 1, Jan. 2023. 10.3390/sym15010130
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XII. Lomnicki, Z. A. “A ‘Branch-and-Bound’ Algorithm for the Exact Solution of the Three-Machine Scheduling Problem.” Or, vol. 16, no. 1, 1965, p. 89, 10.2307/3006687

XIII. Malhotra, Khushboo, and Sonia Goel. Comparison of Bb With Meta-Heuristic Approach in Optimization of Three Stage Fss With Multiple Processors. 2023, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2822556/v1
XIV. Narain, Laxmi. “Optimize Renting Times of Machines in Flow-Shop Scheduling.” International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 2, no. 5, 2015, p. 257919. https://www.ijeas.org/download_data/IJEAS0205053.pdf
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Abstract:

Rattan, a widely used non-timber forest product in Malaysia, plays a crucial role in the furniture and craft industries due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental benefits compared to synthetic fibres such as lignocellulosic fibre. Despite its potential, limited research has been conducted on the incorporation of rattan fibres into polymeric composites. This study investigates the impact resistance of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with rattan fibres, particularly in laminated hybrid configurations with aramid. Composites were fabricated using the vacuum bagging technique, and impact strength was assessed through Charpy impact tests per ASTM standards. Various laminate stacking sequences and thicknesses were evaluated. The results revealed that impact strength improved with increased lamination thickness, with the optimal configuration being a 7-layer laminate comprising four plain-woven rattan layers and three aramid layers. This configuration achieved an average energy absorption of 26.10 J and a tensile strength of 372.89 kJ/m². Morphological analysis confirmed effective bonding between the natural and synthetic fibres, supporting the viability of hybrid composites for low-impact applications. Overall, the findings highlight rattan’s potential as a sustainable reinforcement material in polymeric composites, offering an eco-friendly alternative for enhancing the performance and sustainability of furniture and related products.

Keywords:

Impact strength,Lamination,Low-velocity impact,Mechanical properties,Stacking-configuration,

Refference:

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XXXIX. Yaakob, M. Y., Saion, M. P. and Husin, M. A., “Potency Of Natural And Synthetic Composites For Ballistic Resistance: A Review,” Applied Research and Smart Technology (ARSTech), vol. 1, no. 2, (2020), pp. 43-55. 10.23917/arstech.v1i2.52

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Abstract:

In this paper, we have introduced the notion of hypersoft generalized compactness and generalized connectedness in hypersoft topological spaces. We have also defined the core concepts and explored the key properties that connect them. Finally, the notion of hypersoft generalized compactness and connectedness of hypersoft topological spaces is proposed, and some related properties are discussed.

Keywords:

Hypersoft generalized compactness,Hypersoft generalized connectedness,Hypersoft topological spaces,

Refference:

I. Abbas, M.; Murtaza, G.; Smarandache, F. ‘Basic operations on hypersoft sets and hypersoft point’. Neutrosophic Sets Syst. 2020,35, 407-421. https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nss_journal/vol35/iss1/23/
II. Aygunoglu A and H. Aygun, ‘Some notes on soft topological spaces’, Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 113–119, 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238497517_Some_notes_on_soft_topological_spaces
III. Baravan A. Asaad 1 , Sagvan Y. Musa ‘Continuity and Compactness via Hypersoft Open Sets’, International Journal of Neutrosophic Science (IJNS) Vol. 19, No. 02, PP. 19-29, 2022 19- 29 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364979611_Continuity_and_Compactness_via_Hypersoft_Open_Sets
IV. Moldstov D ‘Soft Set Theory- first results’, Computers an Mathematics with applications, vol.37, no 4-7, pp, 19-31, 1999. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222782394_Soft_set_theory-First_results
V. S. Y. Musa and B. A. Asaad, ‘Hypersoft topological spaces’, Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, vol. 49, pp.397-415, 2022. https://fs.unm.edu/nss8/index.php/111/article/view/2493
VI. S. Y. Musa and B. A. Asaad, ‘Connectedness on hypersoft topological spaces’, Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, vol. 51, pp. 666-680, 2022 https://fs.unm.edu/nss8/index.php/111/article/view/2591
VII. Mythili S, Arokialancy A, ‘Hypersoft Generalized Continuous Functions and irresolute maps in Hypersoft Topological spaces’, International Conference on Emerging Trends in Mathematics and statistics. Pg:487-494, ISBN: 9789361288784.
VIII. Mythili .S and Arokialancy.A, ‘Hypersoft Generalized Closed Sets in Hypersoft Topological Spaces’ Indian Journal of Natural Sciences Vol.14, Issue 80, Oct 2023 International Bimonthly (Print) – Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 0997 pg:63127-63131.
IX. Saeed, M., Ahsan, M. Siddique, M.; Ahmad, M. ‘A study of the fundamentals of hypersoft set theory’. Inter.J. Sci. Eng. Res. 2020, 11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338669709_A_Study_of_The_Fundamentals_of_Hypersoft_Set_Theory
X. Saeed M, A. Rahman, M. Ahsan and F. Smarandache, ‘An inclusive Study on Fundamentals of Hypersoft Set. In: Theory and Application of Hypersoft Set’, 2021 ed., Pons Publishing House: Brussels, Belgium, 2021, pp. 1-23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349453968_An_Inclusive_Study_on_Fundamentals_of_Hypersoft_Set
XI. Saeed M, M. Ahsan and A. Rahman, ‘A novel approach to mappings on hypersoft classes with application. In: Theory and Application of Hypersoft Set’, 2021 ed., Pons Publishing House: Brussels, Belgium,2021, pp. 175-191 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349453894_A_Novel_Approach_to_Mappings_on_Hypersoft_Classes_with_Application
XII. Sagvan Y. Musa, Baravan A. Asaad, ‘Hypersoft Topological Spaces’, Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. 49, 2022 401 https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nss_journal/vol49/iss1/26/
XIII. Smarandache, F. ‘Extension of soft set to hypersoft set, and then to Plithogenic hypersoft set’. Neutrosophic Sets Syst. 2018,22, 168-170. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339128353_Extension_of_Soft_Set_to_Hypersoft_Set_and_then_to_Plithogenic_Hypersoft_Set_Extension_of_Soft_Set_to_Hypersoft_Set_and_then_to_Plithogenic_Hypersoft_Set

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Abstract:

Piezoelectric materials are integral to ultrasound probes and scanning devices in medical imaging and fingerprint recognition, as they can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. This conversion enables the imaging of internal structures, facilitating medical diagnostics by highlighting deviations from normal organ dimensions. Traditionally, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-4) has been used in handheld ultrasound probes, despite its low output and significant environmental hazards upon disposal. This paper presents Aluminium Nitride (AlN) as a safer, environmentally friendly, and thermally stable alternative. AlN is compatible with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, making it a viable option for sophisticated ultrasound probes that can be compact enough to be taken into the body. The simulations conducted through COMSOL Multiphysics at 200 kHz, this study demonstrate AlN's piezo acoustic properties, which are crucial for generating photoacoustic images in biomedical imaging. The presented simulation model enables monitoring of the material's acoustic behavior in response to specific electrical inputs and frequencies.

Keywords:

Acoustic,Aluminium nitride,Piezoelectric,COMSOL Multiphysics,Frequency,Ultrasound,

Refference:

I. A. Abu-libdeh, and A. Emadi, “Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (PMUTs): Performance Metrics, Advancements, and Applications,” Sensors, Vol: 22, no: 23, Nov. 2022, 10.3390/s22239151.

II. A. Guedes, et al., “Aluminum nitride pMUT based on a flexurally-suspended membrane,” 2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, Beijing, China, 2011, pp: 2062-2065. 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2011.5969223.
III. A. Iula, “Ultrasound systems for biometric recognition,” Sensors Review, Vol: 19, no. 10, May 2019. 10.3390/s19102317
IV. A. Neprokin, C. Broadway, T. Myllylä, A. Bykov, and I. Meglinski, “Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine and life sciences,” Life, Vol: 12, no: 4, p. 588, Apr. 2022. 10.3390/life12040588.
V. A. Safari, Q. Zhou, Y. Zeng, and J. D. Leber, “Advances in development of Pb-free piezoelectric materials for transducer applications,”Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 62, no: SJ, p: SJ0801, Mar. 2023, 10.35848/1347-4065/acc812.
VI. Akasheh, et al., “Development of Piezoelectric Micromachined UltrasonicTransducers,” Sensors Actuators Applied Physics. Vol: 111, pp: 275– 287, Mar. 2024, 10.1016/j.sna.2003.11.022
VII. B. Herrera, P. Simeoni, G. Giribaldi, L. Colombo, and M. Rinaldi, “Scandium-Doped Aluminum Nitride PMUT Arrays for Wireless Ultrasonic Powering of Implantables,” IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, Vol: 2, pp: 250–260, Jan. 2022, 10.1109/ojuffc.2022.3221708.
VIII. C. Cheng, “Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers Using Lead Zirconate Titanate Films,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Materials Science and Engg., Pennsylvania State Univ., Pennsylvania, USA, 2021.
IX. C. Fei et al., “Ultrahigh frequency (100 MHz–300 MHz) ultrasonic transducers for optical resolution medical imagining,” Scientific Reports, Vol: 6, no: 1, Jun. 2016. 10.1038/srep28360.
X. D. O. Urroz-Montoya, J. R. Alverto-Suazo, J. R. Garcfa-Cabrera, and C. H. Ortega-Jimenez, “Piezoelectricity: a literature review for power generation support,”MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol: 293, p: 05004, Jan. 2019, 10.1051/matecconf/201929305004.
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XII. E. Ledesma, I. Zamora, A. Uranga, F. Torres, and N. Barniol, “Enhancing AlN PMUTs’ Acoustic Responsivity within a MEMS-on-CMOS Process,”Sensors, Vol: 21, no. 24, p. 8447, Dec. 2021. 10.3390/s21248447.

XIII. F. Pop, B. Herrera, and M. Rinaldi, “Lithium Niobate Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers for high data-rate intrabody communication,” Nature Communications, Vol: 13, no: 1, Apr. 2022. 10.1038/s41467-022-29355-9.
XIV. F. Pop, B. Herrera, C. Cassella, and M. Rinaldi, “Modeling and optimization of directly modulated piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers,” Sensors, Vol: 21, no: 1, p: 157, Dec. 2020. 10.3390/s21010157.
XV. H. Wang, “Development of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (Pmuts) For Endoscopic Photoacoustic Imaging Applications,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Electri. and Comp. Engg., University Of Florida, Gainesville, Florid, USA, 2021.
XVI. H. Wang, Z. Chen, H. Yang, H. Jiang, and H. Xie, “A ceramic PZT-Based PMUT array for endoscopic photoacoustic imaging,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol: 29, no. 5, pp: 1038–1043, Jul. 2020, 10.1109/jmems.2020.3010773.
XVII. J. Cai et al., “Photoacoustic imaging based on broadened bandwidth aluminum nitride piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers,” IEEE Sensors Letters, Vol: 7, no: 4, pp: 1–4, Mar. 2023. 10.1109/lsens.2023.3254593
XVIII. J. Jung, W. Lee, W. Kang, E. Shin, J. Ryu, and H. Choi, “Review of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers and their applications,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol: 27, no: 11, p; 113001, Aug. 2017. 10.1088/1361-6439/aa851b
XIX. J. Kim et al., “A Rapid Prototyping Method for Sub-MHz Single-Element Piezoelectric Transducers by Using 3D- Printed Components,” Sensors, Vol: 23, no: 1, Dec 2022. 10.3390/s23010313
XX. J. Pan, C. Bai, Q. Zheng, and H. Xie, “Review of Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers for Rangefinders,” Micromachines, Vol: 14, no: 2, p: 374, Feb. 2023. 10.3390/mi14020374.
XXI. J. Y. Pyun, Y. H. Kim and K. K. Park. “Design of Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers for Underwater Applications,” Sensors, Vol: 23, no. 4, Feb. 2023. 10.3390/s23041821
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XXIII. M. Darmon, G. Toullelan and V. Dorval, “An Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of 3D Models for Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Testing of Cracks: Part I, Embedded Cracks,” Applied Sciences, Vol:12, no: 10, May 2022. 10.3390/app12105078
XXIV. M. Ishikawa et al., “Lead Zirconate Titanate Thick-Film Ultrasonic Transducer for 1 to 20 MHz Frequency Bands Fabricated by Hydrothermal Polycrystal Growth,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol: 44, no: 6S, pp:4342, Jun. 2005. 10.1143/JJAP.44.4342
XXV. M. Lethiecq et al., Piezoelectric Transducer Design for Medical Diagnosis and NDE”, Piezoelectric and Acoustic Materials for Transducer Applications, Springer US, pp:191-215, 2008. 10.1007/978-0-387-76540-2_10
XXVI. Q. Yu et al., “PZT-Film-Based Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer with I-Shaped Composite Diaphragm,” Micromachines, Vol: 13, no: 10, p: 1597, Sep. 2022. 10.3390/mi13101597.
XXVII. Q. Zhou et al., “Piezoelectric Single Crystal Ultrasonic Transducers for Biomedical Applications,” Prog. Mater. Sci. Vol:66, pp: 87–111, Oct. 2014, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.06.001
XXVIII. R. Manwar, K. Kratkiewicz, and K. Avanaki, “Overview of Ultrasound Detection Technologies for Photoacoustic Imaging,” Micromachines, Vol: 11, no: 7, p: 692, Jul. 2020. 10.3390/mi11070692.
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Abstract:

This paper presents a novel consensus clustering framework that integrates both cluster-level and clustering-level weighting strategies. Traditional consensus clustering methods either weight the clusters or the base clusterings, but often fail to optimally combine these two strategies. We propose a dual-weighting scheme where weights are assigned to clusters based on internal and external consistency, and to the base clusterings based on their agreement with the ensemble. By applying a combined weight, we ensure that both high-quality clusters and consistent clusterings contribute more to the final consensus. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over existing clustering ensemble techniques.

Keywords:

Consensus Clustering,Clustering Ensemble,Clustering Techniques,Dual-Weighted Approach,

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