Authors:
Sonia Singhal,Ashwani Kush,DOI NO:
https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2026.07.00005Keywords:
MANET,AAODV,APBROP,Trust-Based Routing,Congestion Control,Priority-Based Routing,Quality of Service,NS-3,Abstract
Assurance, traffic management, and Quality of Service (QoS) are still ongoing and interconnected issues in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), which are extremely flexible, infrastructure-free cellular networks. While inexpensive pathfinding is provided by traditional reactive routing technologies, such as the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) algorithm, the system is vulnerable to packet-dropping assaults, stream congestion, and a lack of stream separation. The Hybrid AAODV–APBROP routing protocol proposed in this paper combines three identical methods: (i) an adaptive priority-based packet scheduler that prioritizes real-time and emergency flows over best-effort traffic; (ii) a queue-length-based congestion detection component that directs traffic away from overloaded paths; and (iii) a dynamic trust assessment system that identifies and isolates unauthorized packet-dropping nodes. The approach is validated by substantial NS-3 simulations for networks of 20–50 nodes with mobility. In comparison to traditional AODV, the hybrid protocol obtains a hostile node recognition rate surpassing 94%, increases the Packet Delivery Ratio by up to 49.6%, increases throughput by 82.6%, decreases end-to-end delay by 40.3%, and maintains routing cost within reasonable ranges. These findings verify that MANET transmission is demonstrably enhanced and safer when trust, congestion, and QoS are all addressed concurrently at a particular transit level as opposed to individual-criterion techniques.Refference:
I. Airehrour, David, Jairo A. Gutierrez, and Sayan Kumar Ray. "SecTrust-RPL: A secure trust-aware RPL routing protocol for Internet of Things." Future Generation Computer Systems 93 (2019): 860-876.
II. Arshad, Danyal, Muhammad Asim, Noshina Tariq, Thar Baker, Hissam Tawfik, and Dhiya Al-Jumeily OBE. "THC-RPL: A lightweight Trust-enabled routing in RPL-based IoT networks against Sybil attack." PloS one 17, no. 7 (2022): e0271277.
III. Bensaber, Boucif Amar, Caroly Gabriela Pereira Diaz, and Youssef Lahrouni. "Design and modeling an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for the prediction of a security index in VANET." Journal of Computational Science 47 (2020): 101234.
IV. Bezziane, Mohamed Ben, Siham Hasan, Bouziane Brik, Fathi Eltayeeb Abukhres, Ali Algaddafi, Amina Ben Bezziane, Ahmed Korichi, and Mohamed Redouane Kafi. "Game theory-based uav-cloud for service selection architecture in flying ad hoc networks." IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology 5 (2024): 1692-1711.
V. Chen, Yingjun, and Yongtao Hao. "A feature weighted support vector machine and K-nearest neighbor algorithm for stock market indices prediction." Expert Systems with Applications 80 (2017): 340-355.
VI. Hashemi, Seyyed Yasser, and Fereidoon Shams Aliee. "Fuzzy, dynamic and trust based routing protocol for IoT." Journal of Network and Systems Management 28, no. 4 (2020): 1248-1278.
VII. Hassan, Jawad, Adnan Sohail, Ali Ismail Awad, and M. Ahmed Zaka. "LETM-IoT: A lightweight and efficient trust mechanism for Sybil attacks in Internet of Things networks." Ad Hoc Networks 163 (2024): 103576.
VIII. Hu, Yih-Chun, Adrian Perrig, and David B. Johnson. "Ariadne: A secure on-demand routing protocol for ad hoc networks." In Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp. 12-23. 2002.
IX. Kaliyar, Pallavi, Wafa Ben Jaballah, Mauro Conti, and Chhagan Lal. "LiDL: Localization with early detection of sybil and wormhole attacks in IoT networks." Computers & Security 94 (2020): 101849.
X. Kukreja, Deepika, and Deepak Kumar Sharma. "T-SEA: trust based secure and energy aware routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks." International Journal of Information Technology 14, no. 2 (2022): 915-929.
XI. Mahamune, Ankita A., and M. M. Chandane. "Trust-based co-operative routing for secure communication in mobile ad hoc networks." Digital Communications and Networks 10, no. 4 (2024): 1079-1087.
XII. Malkiel, Burton G. "Efficient market hypothesis." In The new palgrave dictionary of economics, pp. 1-7. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1987.
XIII. Marti, Sergio, Thomas J. Giuli, Kevin Lai, and Mary Baker. "Mitigating routing misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks." In Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp. 255-265. 2000.
XIV. Mohajerani, Javad, Mokhtar Mohammadi Ghanatghestani, and Malihe Hashemipour. "MCTE-RPL: A multi-context trust-based efficient RPL for IoT." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 229 (2024): 103937.
XV. Muzammal, Syeda Mariam, Raja Kumar Murugesan, Noor Zaman Jhanjhi, Mamoona Humayun, Ashraf Osman Ibrahim, and Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud. "A trust-based model for secure routing against RPL attacks in internet of things." Sensors 22, no. 18 (2022): 7052.
XVI. Ning, Peng, and Kun Sun. "How to misuse AODV: a case study of insider attacks against mobile ad-hoc routing protocols." Ad Hoc Networks 3, no. 6 (2005): 795-819.
XVII. Nithya, S., G. Arul Kumar, and P. Adhavan. "Destination-sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV) using clustering approach in mobile adhoc network." In 2012 International Conference on Radar, Communication and Computing (ICRCC), pp. 319-323. IEEE, 2012.
XVIII. Ponnusamy, Vasaki, Mamoona Humayun, N. Z. Jhanjhi, Aun Yichiet, and Maram Fahhad Almufareh. "Intrusion detection systems in internet of things and mobile ad-hoc networks." Computer Systems Science & Engineering 40, no. 3 (2022).
XIX. Prakash, P. Suman, Dwaram Kavitha, and P. Chenna Reddy. "Energy and congestion-aware load balanced multi-path routing for wireless sensor networks in ambient environments." Computer Communications 195 (2022): 217-226.
XX. Royer, Elizabeth M., and Charles E. Perkins. "Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol." In Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pp. 207-218. 1999.
XXI. Selvi, Munuswamy, K. Thangaramya, Sannasi Ganapathy, Kanagasabai Kulothungan, H. Khannah Nehemiah, and Arputharaj Kannan. "An energy aware trust based secure routing algorithm for effective communication in wireless sensor networks." Wireless Personal Communications 105, no. 4 (2019): 1475-1490.
XXII. Senthilkumaran, T., and V. Sankaranarayanan. "Dynamic congestion detection and control routing in ad hoc networks." Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences 25, no. 1 (2013): 25-34.
XXIII. Sharma, Vishal, Rohit Beniwal, and Vinod Kumar. "Multi-level trust-based secure and optimal IoT-WSN routing for environmental monitoring applications." the Journal of Supercomputing 80, no. 8 (2024): 11338-11381.
XXIV. Singh, Kaustubh Ranjan, Rashmi Chaudhry, Vinay Rishiwal, and Mano Yadav. "Model-free QoE-aware seamless handoff in heterogeneous wireless networks." Mobile Networks and Applications 29, no. 6 (2024): 1938-1950.
XXV. Singh, Shashank, Veena Anand, and Sonal Yadav. "Trust-based clustering and routing in WSNs using DST-WOA." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 17, no. 3 (2024): 1486-1498.
XXVI. Tiwari, Rajeev, Mamta Mittal, Shelly Garg, and Sumit Kumar. "Energy-aware resource scheduling in FoG environment for IoT-based applications." In Energy conservation solutions for fog-edge computing paradigms, pp. 1-19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021.
XXVII. Trestian, Ramona, Olga Ormond, and Gabriel-Miro Muntean. "Game theory-based network selection: Solutions and challenges." IEEE Communications surveys & tutorials 14, no. 4 (2012): 1212-1231.
XXVIII. Wang, Hui, H. Eduardo Roman, Liyong Yuan, Yongfeng Huang, and Rongli Wang. "Connectivity, coverage and power consumption in large-scale wireless sensor networks." Computer Networks 75 (2014): 212-225.