Authors:
Saurabh Bhutani,Nitin Jain,DOI NO:
https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2026.02.00004Keywords:
Multipath Transmission,Optimization,Energy Efficiency,TCP,Abstract
This study investigates the issues of energy usage in multipath wireless networks utilizing the Multipath Transport Control Protocol (MPTCP) under application-level timing knobs implemented in socket logic, which allows numerous TCP connections via different pathways. Due to route heterogeneity, MPTCP consumes more energy. Currently, many research works have provided several techniques to optimize energy efficiency; however, they focused on individual systems rather than total performance. This work proposed a stochastic multipath scheduling technique that considers the fluctuations in data transmission rate and path capacity. The scheduling mechanism is associated with the optimization problem to achieve the objectives of maximizing throughput, avoiding congestion, and improving stability. An algorithm is developed to solve multipath data transmission issues by utilizing the drift-based constraints. Simulations are performed to generate results for the comparison of three different optimized MPTCP schemes in the application layer with baseline and conventional protocols. The results are showing considerable improvements in throughput and end-to-end latencyRefference:
I. Abbas, Ahmed Saleem. “Technical Comparison between MPTCP and TCP in Heterogeneous Networks.” Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technology, Vol. 16, 2022, pp. 163–175. 10.3991/ijim.v16i19.35299.
II. Aljubayri, Mohammad., Tong Peng, and Mohamad Shikh-Bahaei, “Reduce delay of multipath TCP in IoT networks.” Wireless Networks, vol. 27.no. 6, 2021, pp. 4189-4198. 10.1007/s11276-021-02701-3
III. Aljubayri, Mohammed, Tong Peng, and Mohammad Shikh-Bahae. “Reduce delay of multipath TCP in IoT networks.” Wireless Networks, vol. 27, no. 6, 2022, pp. 4189-4198. 10.1007/s11276-021-02701-3.
IV. Arain, Zulfiqar Arain et al. “Stochastic Optimization of Multipath TCP for Energy Minimization and Network Stability over Heterogeneous Wireless Network.” KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems, vol. 15, no. 1, 2021, pp. 11-22. 10.3837/tiis.2021.01.012.
V. Arain, Zulfiqar Arain, et al. “Stochastic Optimization of Multipath TCP for Energy Minimization and Network Stability over Heterogeneous Wireless Network.” KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems, vol. 15, no. 1, 2021, pp. 195-215. 10.3837/tiis.2021.01.012.
VI. Bhering, F. et al. “Wireless multipath video transmission: when IoT video applications meet networking—a survey.” Multimedia Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, 2022, pp. 831-850. 10.1007/s00530-021-00885-4.
VII. Cisco, “Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology”, CISCO white paper, vol. 202, 2017, p. 17.
VIII. Cui, HuanXi, et al. “Lyapunov Optimization Based Energy Efficient Congestion Control for MPTCP in HetNets,” Proc. of IEEE 18th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), 2018, pp. 440-445, 10.1109/ICCT.2018.8600159.
IX. Cui Yong, et al. “FMTCP: A Fountain Code-based Multipath Transmission Control Protocol,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 23, no. 2, 2015, pp. 465-478. 10.1109/TNET.2014.2300140.
X. Dong, Pingping et al. “An Energy-Saving scheduling algorithm for Multipath TCP in wireless networks.” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 3, 2022, p. 490. 10.3390/electronics11030490
XI. Ji, Lejun, et al. “Research on Attack Signal Feature Extraction Method of Multipath TCP Transmission System Based on Wavelet Energy Entropy.” International Conference on Mobile Networks and Management, vol. 474, 2022, pp. 398-412. 10.1007/978-3-031-32443-7_29.
XII. Ji, Xiaolan., et al. “Adaptive QoS-aware multipath congestion control for live streaming.” Computer Networks, vol. 220, 2023, p. 109470. 10.1016/j.comnet.2022.109470.
XIII. Khan, Imran, et al. “Multipath TCP in smartphones equipped with millimeter wave radios.” In Proceedings of the 15th ACM Workshop on Wireless Network Testbeds, Experimental evaluation & Characterization, vol. 1, 2022, pp. 54-60. 10.1145/3477086.34808.
XIV. Lee, Jae Yong, et al. “Coupled CUBIC Congestion Control for MPTCP in Broadband Networks.” Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng., vol. 45, no. 1, 2023, pp. 99–115. 10.32604/csse.2023.030801.
XV. Lim, Yeon-sup, et al. “Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Energy-aware Multi-path TCP.” Proc. of the 11th ACM Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, 2015, pp. 1-13. 10.1145/2716281.28361.
XVI. Lim, Yeon-sup. “Cost-Efficient Framework for Mobile Video Streaming using Multi-Path TCP.” KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems, vol. 16, no. 4, 2022, pp. 234-243. 10.3837/tiis.2022.04.009.
XVII. ?uczak, ?ukasz Piotr, Przemys?aw Ignaciuk, and Micha? Morawsk “Evaluating MPTCP congestion control algorithms: Implications for streaming in open Internet.” Future Internet, vol. 15, no. 10, 2023, p.328. 10.3390/fi15100328.
XVIII. Majeed, Uzma, et al. “An energy-efficient distributed congestion control protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks.” Electronics, vol. 11, no. 20, 2022, p. 3265. 10.3390/electronics11203265.
XIX. Matheen, M. A., and S. Sundar. “IoT multimedia sensors for energy efficiency and security: A review of QoS aware and methods in wireless multimedia sensor networks.” International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, vol. 29, no. 4, 2022, pp. 407-418. 10.1007/s10776-022-00567-6.
XX. Palash, Mijanur Rahaman, Kang Chen, and Imran Khan. “Bandwidth-Need Driven Energy Efficiency Improvement of MPTCP Users in Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Green Comm. & Networking, vol. 3, no. 2, 2019, pp. 343-355. 10.1109/TGCN.2019.2897778.
XXI. Prakash, P. Suman, Dwaram Kavitha, and P. Chenna Reddy. “Energy and congestion-aware load balanced multi-path routing for wireless sensor networks in ambient environments.” Computer Communications, vol. 195, 2022, pp. 217-226. 10.1016/j.comcom.2022.08.012.
XXII. Qiao, Wenxuan., et al. “An AI-enhanced multipath TCP scheduler for open radio access networks.” IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking, vol. 8, no. 3, 2024, pp. 910-923. 10.1109/TGCN.2024.3424202.
XXIII. Tran, Duong Dinh, et al. “Formal analysis of post-quantum hybrid key exchange ssh transport layer protocol.” IEEE Access, vol. 12, 2023, pp. 1672-1687. 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3347914.
XXIV. Ullah, Y. et al. “A survey on AI-enabled mobility and handover management in future wireless networks: key technologies, use cases, and challenges.” Journal of King Saud University Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 37, no. 4, 2025, p. 47. 10.1007/s44443-025-00048-9.
XXV. Wang, Chengke., et al. “Experience: a three-year retrospective of large-scale multipath transport deployment for mobile applications.” Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, 2023, pp. 1-15. 10.1145/3570361.35925.
XXVI. Wu, Jian, Rui Tan, and Ming Wang, “Energy-Efficient Multipath TCP for Quality-Guaranteed Video over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 21, no. 6, 2019, pp. 1593-1608. 10.1109/TMM.2018.2879748.
XXVII. Zhao Jia, Liu, et al. “Multipath congestion control: Measurement, analysis, and optimization from the energy perspective.” IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, vol. 10, no. 6, 2023, pp. 3295-3307 10.1109/TNSE.2023.3257034.